Just playing devil's advocate for a moment. I also don't believe we will get a hybrid, (at least not anytime soon). But didn't Toyota give Subaru their DS4 system for the 86? And the agreement between both automakers did state they will both share their diesel and hybrid technology with each other.
yes, subaru got toyota's direct injection system but how old of a system is it now? By the time the 86 came out, it was already at least 6 years old. plus im sure toyota knew subaru wouldn't really care about using d-4s in anything else since they have their own injection system for their turbo powertrains..
I don't know the extract time period. I just recall in an interview where Tada san said the Toyota board was up in arms about lending their D4-S to Subaru for that joint project, but gave in at the end. The same argument can be made here. By the time this thing shows up the LC500h could be 3-4 years old. I'm not sure either, there wasn't much to go on by the press release.
Detailed Analysis: The BMW B58 Inline 6-Cylinder Engine
Preface
The past 10 years is one of the best golden ages for the automobile industry history, many fancy technologies are invented/popularized: 8-speed/9-speed or even 10-speed automatic transmissions, turbocharger, electric vehicle (EV), hydrogen fuel cell power, self-driving cars, LED automotive lighting etc.
Among these, BMW has used its turbocharge engine technology to start a whole new page, from the ground-breaking N54 and the later N55, N63, N20 etc., to the latest and greatest B-series engine family (B37/38, B47/48, B57/58). Two weeks ago we published a review on the LCI 2016 BMW 340i. Our focus of the 340i is mainly on BMW’s all-new B58 engine.
In this article, I will provide an in-depth review on this engine, based on multiple sources of technical information and also my observation during test drive.
A Brief Background Review
Back in the start of the 21th century, there is a trend quietly emerged within the auto industry, which is the desire for power. In another word: people wanted higher engine output. At that time, 6-cylinder engines usually had around 200 hp, and the territory above 300 hp belongs to more high-end engines such as V8/V10/V12 etc.
The first auto maker that started the “power war” in the affordable pricing sector is Nissan – it released the Infiniti I35 in late 2001, equipped with the VQ35DE V6 engine which passed the 250 hp mark for the first time within entry-level luxury cars. Starting then, BMW was under huge peer pressure, below is the timeline overview:
- Late 2001: Nissan VQ35DE V6, 255 hp (2002 Infiniti I35)
- January 2005: Nissan VQ35DE V6, 300 hp (2005 Nissan 350Z 35th Anniversary Edition)
- January 2005: Toyota 2GR-FE V6, 280 hp (2005 Toyota Avalon)
- April 2005: Toyota 2GR-FSE V6, 306 hp (2006 Lexus IS350)
- April 2005: BMW N52 V6, 255 hp (2006 BMW 330i)
The Nissan VQ35DE V6 Engine on Infiniti I35
You can see, this is quite embarrassing for BMW 330i: Toyota 2GR-FSE not only has absolute advantage regarding horsepower output, but it also accomplished a big achievement in torque performance : 277 lb-ft from 3.5L displacement, which translates to more than 79 lb-ft per liter. Torque per liter is a very important index for naturally aspirated (NA) engine, because it is directly related to the engine’s volumetric efficiency, which represents the auto maker’s R&D capability. Compared to the 2GR-FSE, the highest tune BMW N53 only gets 236 lb-ft from the 3.0L displacement, which is 78.7 lb-ft/L.
Toyota 2GR-FSE Engine
Remember, N53 also incorporated the lean burn technology, which 2GR-FSE does not have. Therefore this indicates Toyota has acquired more advanced design capabilities in NA engines.
As a response to Toyota 2GR-FSE, BMW rolled out the N54 twin-turbo engine in the following year. In fact BMW had been secretly developing the N54 for years, and it is playing a bigger game (it went for another route: turbocharging). What BMW had missed is it underestimated its competitors’ R&D progress, which forced BMW to release the N54 engine in hurry.
BMW N54 Twin Turbo I6 Engine
Because of the tight schedule, there were some aspects that BMW later found can be done better. So three years later, BMW released its successor: N55. Obviously N55 cannot be said to be 100% perfect, partially due to its development falls into the period of 2008 financial crisis. Although N55 does have lots of technical enhancements, in some places traces of economic concern can also be found.
The latest B58 engine is totally different than the N54 and N55. It has true performance oriented design, while the previous N54/55 have limited potential which prevents them from taking higher loads.
Key Changes
There are two main changes that distinguish B58 from N54/55:
Closed Deck Design
- The B58’s cylinder block is closed deck; while N54/55 are open-deck;
- B58 is using air-to-liquid intercooler, compared to N54/55’s air-to-air intercooler.
Let’s first take a look at B58’s closed deck design. By nature, closed deck cylinder block is much stronger than the open deck type, therefore it is more suitable for high load and high pressure application. This explains why for the S55 engine (used on M3/M4), BMW needs to convert the N55’s open deck block to a closed deck design. This is also the reason why BMW never officially boost N54/55’s output to over 340 hp (because the block simply can’t take that much without risking its structural integrity).
Open Deck Design of the N54 Cylinder Block
Closed Deck Design of the New B58 Engine Cylinder Block
Although B58’s closed deck is structurally strong, it also has shortcomings. For example it carries a higher manufacturing cost; Also the coolant flow is more restricted, which prompts BMW to use a dedicated heat management module on the B58 engine.
On the other hand, this does not mean open deck design is bad. Open deck block is lighter and has better cooling effect, therefore it is more suitable to applications that does not call for high cylinder pressure.
The N54/55 uses cast iron cylinder sleeve, but B58 is different: it uses one latest technology called “Electric Arc Wire Spraying”. This is a type of the ferrum plasma spray method, which creates a thin layer (0.3 mm thick) of iron on the cylinder wall surface and thus eliminates the need for using the cylinder sleeves. The ultimate goal is to save weight. For your reference: plasma spray is an exotic technique previously (for example GT-R, LFA etc.), however nowadays its cost is lowered so significantly that even Ford uses it in the EcoBoost engine family.
A BMW 4 cylinder engine block is under the Electric Arc Wire Spraying (LDS) process
You may also find most of the BMW inline six engines are all undersquare, and this is exactly the same on B58 too. The B58 engine has a bore of 82 mm and stroke of 94.6 mm. The purpose of such geometry design is not for lower-end torque, but with consideration in packaging. Had BMW used a shorter stroke, in order to maintain the same displacement, its cylinder bore need to be much larger. Since here 6 cylinders are placed inline together, this will lead to a excessively long cylinder block, and thus hard to arrange spaces inside the engine compartment, or requires the vehicle to has a longer nose (which is unnecessary for many car models). What’s more, a longer crankshaft (caused by long block) is weaker too.
Cutaway of the B47 diesel engine, showing the B series piston’s stroke
Cutaway of the B48 engine, notice the different shape of the piston head
On the other hand, turbocharged engines may be benefited from the long stroke also: because of turbo lag, it is good to have higher torque when the engine is under naturally aspiration mode, which contributes to the driver’s perceived throttle response.
With that being said, the B58’s closed deck design seems to cost BMW more to build. However, from the holistic view it is another story: B58 is not a single product, in fact it is a member of BMW’s latest B-series engine family. The B engines use the modular design principle: same bore, same stroke, and even same block between gasoline/diesel versions. Therefore, all of these engines can share many of the design and manufacturing process, and ultimately lower the total cost.
Air-to-liquid Intercooler
Next is the intercooler. Almost all “serious” high performance turbo engine use air-to-liquid intercoolers: because it is more effective and more stable. This is exactly the same for the B58.
Highlighted section is the air-to-liquid intercoolers
The air-to-water intercooler on B58 is integrated into the intake plenum, which is on top of the engine and sits beneath the cylinder head. Since the intake air no longer needs to be routed to the intercooler in the front bumper (like the N54/55), such compact design brings huge benefit for the B58: the intake path is shortened significantly, which improves throttle response.
Intake air path comparison: N55 v.s B58
There are other hints which indicate the B58 is designed as a high output engine. For example its crankshaft is forged, stronger than N55’s casted unit; also the piston connecting rod is also forged on the B58.
B58’s crankshaft
In one word: closed deck design and also the air-to-liquid intercooler, determines B58 is fundamentally different from its N54/N55 predecessors.
Detailed Improvements
On top of the fundamental level enhancements mentioned above, B58 also incorporates many remarkable new designs. These should not be viewed as independent events: they are inter-connected and rely on each other. I will briefly go over some details below.
Heat Management Module
As mentioned above, the B58’s closed deck cylinder causes more restricted coolant flow, and it raises a tougher requirement for the engine cooling system.
B58: heat management module
Highlighted: the heat management module’s drive pulley
Therefore, BMW uses a so-call “heat management module” on the B58, which is mechanically powered directly by the crankshaft through a serpentine belt. Inside the module, coolant flow rate is adjusted by a rotary valve. The mechanical coolant pump avoided the hassle of possible failure of the electric type in previous BMW engines. However, to deal with the situation that the turbo still need to be cooled after engine is turned off, an extra dedicated electric pump is added to the turbo unit to tackle this issue.
Engine Weight Distribution Optimization
On the N54/55 engine, they place the alternator, AC compressor, timing chain and engine oil filter assembly towards the front portion of the engine, therefore the engine’s gravity center tends to be front-biased.
However the B58 treats this differently: it places the oil filter and its radiator, VANOS timing chain to the back of the engine. This is good for the weight distribution, however with the price of maintenance difficulty.
The engine oil filter assembly is located in the back
Although the oil filter cap is hiding a little bit deep in the engine bay, it is still not too hard to reach. However, the VANOS system is a huge pain for maintenance: since it is located right behind the engine and extremely closed to the firewall, it is impossible to service the VANOS system without taking the whole engine out of the engine bay. Therefore for those 340i owners that are out of warranty, please pray that the VANOS system does not break.
B58’s VANOS components are located right behind the engine block
Since there will be noises when the timing chain is operating, BMW placed a sound insulation foam between the cylinder head/valvetrain cover and the passenger cabin firewall.
Valvetronic System and Throttle Body
VANOS is responsible for timing adjustment, and Valvetronic is used for control the lift height of the valves and acts as the throttle body. Valvetronic used on the N55 is the 3rd generation, and the one that on the B58 is the latest 4th generation. There is no fundamental change in the working principle, the major difference in the B58’s Valvetronic system is it moves the servo motor out of the valve cover (which is N55’s design), and places it outside at the top right hand side of the cylinder head. Such design brings two major advantages: (1) it significantly reduced the installation space; (2) It brings down the engine’s total height and lowers the engine’s center of gravity.
Highlighted: B58’s Valvetronic external servo motor
Theoretically speaking, a throttle body is unnecessary given the presence of the Valvetronic. However B58 is still equipped with a real throttle body, in front of the intercooler’s entrance. The throttle body’s purposes are: (1) when there is a sudden load change, the Valvetronic mechanism may not react fast enough to adapt to the new operation requirements; the throttle valve can help to provide a seamless transition; (2) a slight vacuum is needed for the engine ventilation; (3) the throttle body acts as a redundant backup in case the Valvetronic malfunctions.
B58’s throttle body
Fuel System
One major change to the B58’s fuel delivery system is each of the injector is now bolted to the rail directly, not through an extra high pressure line as in the N55. The benefit is less pressure loss (the longer the path the greater the loss) and slightly faster and accurate pressure control.
B58’s six fuel injectors are directly bolted onto the fuel rail
The B58 is still using the solenoid valve injectors, not the more expensive piezo unit found in the earlier N54 and the current N63 engine. The reason of not using piezo injector is due to the high sulfur content in US market’s gasoline, which makes implementing the “lean burn” feature impossible.
The Bosch solenoid injector used on the B58 engine
Turbo Charger
The B58 is still using a twin-scroll type turbocharger similar to the one on the N55, however it is larger in dimension. Compared to the unit on N55, the B58 turbocharger has a 6% larger turbine, and the compressor wheel diameter is also 10% larger, therefore the B58 gains 20% in boost pressure.
B58’s twin-scroll turbocharger, and also the electronic wastegate control unit
From the below official power/torque curve chart, the power output has a plateau area after 5,000 RPM. This is most probably due to artificial limiting logic in the ECU software, or BMW plots that curve on purpose – since any “unconstrained” power output should be a smooth curve, not with such an abrupt plateau like this one below. Therefore this indicates the B58 should have a high output version (and in fact BMW now offers the M Performance Power Kit on 2016 340i, which boosts the B58 to 355 hp and 370 lb-ft).
Output curve comparison: B58 v.s N55
The B58 engine’s turbocharger utilizes an electrical actuator to control the wastegate valve; this is a different approach than the N55 engine, which uses a vacuum-controlled charging pressure control system. However because of the high heat generated from the turbocharger, on 340i’s application, BMW places a heat shield around the electrical actuator component.
Metal heat shield around the electrical actuator unit
Engine Control Unit
It is a BMW tradition to place engine ECU in the vehicle’s engine compartment. On N55 the ECU is located under the intake plenum and therefore, cooled by the intake air. For the B58 engine the ECU location is moved out of the engine, and it sits just beside the driver-side strut tower. I noticed that electrical plugs/sockets around the ECU are not sealed, it does pose a concern in terms of long term reliability under various weather elements.
The B58’s ECU sits beside the driver-side strut tower (highlighted in green)
You can see how the ECU is located between the B58 intake manifold and also the 340i’s driver side strut tower.
Conclusion
The B58 engine represents the BMW’s latest powertrain technology: new architecture, new design ideas, new approaches. The closed-deck design and also the integrated air-to-liquid intercooler grant it absolute advantages over the previous N55. From our 2016 340i test drive, the B58 powertrain provides unprecedented quick throttle response, the feel of turbo lag is so faint that it is almost impossible to be perceived in daily driving conditions – you have to use transmission’s manual mode to detect it.
With the B58 engine, BMW finally regains its power to compete in the 350hp 6-cylinder engine sector, against Mercedes-Benz’s M276 DELA30, and also Audi’s new 3.0T V6 (to be used in the 2017 S4).
http://youwheel.com/home/2016/03/27/detailed-analysis-the-bmw-b58-inline-6-cylinder-engine/
You may have unraveled something very interesting with suggesting the S58 engine. As I mentioned in the Gran Turismo Sport Update thread, Lexus/Toyota has a special working relationship with Polyphony when it comes to discreetly releasing clues about upcoming vehicles, engine specs, etc. before the official press release (as I noted with the then-undisclosed Lexus RC-F engine specs: https://www.supramkv.com/threads/gran-turismo-sport-update.716/#post-9419 ).
In the latest Gran Turismo Sport update, the Toyota FT-1 received the fictitious performance specs of 480+HP and a curb weight of under 3,000 lbs. Based on speculations within these forums, it's anticipated that the new Supra will have a curb weight of less than 3,000 lbs. The horsepower rating of the test mules are currently unknown. If Toyota desired to achieve the 480+HP threshold that's currently the fictional power output of the FT-1, the new S58 engine would be the way to do so.
Holy Crap that would be amazing... 400-480HP and under 3000lbs = A lot of fun!
